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Summit Racing standard link-style timing chain set
Crane Cams Pro Series single roller timing chain set
Crane’ Pro Series chain set
double roller timing chain set

This is a Summit Racing standard link-style timing chain set for a small block Ford. It has large, non-roller links that engage the gear teeth. While more prone to chain stretch than a roller setup, this type of chain is stronger and lighter. That means it will last longer, which is a bonus in an OE-type or mild performance street engine that doesn’t have a large cam or excessive valve spring pressures that can induce damaging harmonic vibration.

This timing set is a Crane Cams Pro Series single roller. A single roller chain is much like the chain on a bicycle—the links or side plates of the chain pass over and around a single set of teeth in each gear, reducing friction. The multiple keyways in the crank gear allow you to advance or retard the camshaft timing when degreeing in a cam. Then the gear is removed using a conventional gear puller and reinstalled on the appropriate keyway.

Crane’s Pro Series chain sets feature CNC-machined 4140-steel gears that are nitride hardened for durability, Crane even includes a built-in thrust bearing on the cam gear to prevent block erosion.

This is an example of a double roller timing chain set. It uses gears with two sets of teeth mated to two rows of chain. The idea is to provide stable camshaft timing, and a longer service life. The chain is also a true roller-type with pins or rollers that actually spin as they ride over the gear teeth. This further reduces friction compared to non-true roller chains with rollers or pins that are fixed in place.

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A timing chain doesn’t seem like it has a lot to do. All it does is turn the camshaft in concert with the crankshaft, right? Well, yes… and no. On many V8 engines, accessories like the oil pump, mechanical fuel pump, and the distributor are indirectly driven off the camshaft. That means a sloppy timing chain can have a dramatic effect on other parts of the engine.

A timing chain also acts as a vibration damper. It absorbs a certain amount of crankshaft vibration and shock before it is transmitted to the camshaft. This vibration can shorten the life of an OE-style timing chain. High valve spring pressure can also increase harmonic vibration through the camshaft, further stressing the timing chain.

In the not-so-distant past, most OEM-style timing chains didn’t last long. They would wobble and stretch rapidly; many even came with out-of-round sprockets that would throw off cam timing and wear quickly. You had to check the sprockets carefully before installation, then inspect the chain religiously. The only way to advance or retard cam timing was with offset drive pin bushings (and enlarged cam mount bolt holes to allow for movement) or with offset crankshaft keys. Adding insult to injury, the OE-style lower crank gears were of the press-molded or sintered iron variety. Needless to say, reliability at high rpm wasn’t a design priority with these setups.

That changed when aftermarket large-pin timing chains were introduced. These chains have larger-than-stock pins, which actually roll as the chain and sprocket teeth contact. Most have heat-treated gear teeth, and some have keyways in the crank gear that let you advance or retard the camshaft (usually by four degrees). This type of chain is stronger and lighter than the roller-style chains. That reduces operating tension and wear, so this type of chain lasts longer.

Roller Timing Chains

Roller timing chains have been available since the 1960s. The chains have a semi-floating tube that covers the chain links, allowing the chain to literally roll over the gear teeth. This helps reduce friction and chain stretch.

There are two types of roller timing chains available. The single roller chain is much like the chain on a bicycle—the links or side plates of the chain pass over and around a single set of teeth in each gear. A double roller chain is exactly what the name implies—gears with dual sets of teeth with a chain link for each set. Many late model OE engines, like GM’s LS-series V8s, have a single roller timing chain. A single roller is also ideal for most high performance street engines. When you get way up in the horsepower and rpm strata where big lift cams and very high valve spring pressures come into play, a double roller chain can better control harmonic vibration at the cost of a little additional weight. That means more stable cam timing in the engine where even a little deviation can cost horsepower.

A variant of the roller chain is the “true roller.” This chain has pins or rollers that actually spin as they ride over the gear teeth. This further reduces friction compared to standard roller chains with rollers or pins that are fixed in place. You can get a true roller chain in single or double roller versions.

Some roller timing chain sets are manufactured with larger than stock pins. These are typically found in standard roller chains. This design yields a stronger, more durable chain, but adds more friction than a true roller.

Roller timing sets with iron cam gears have wear issues on iron engine blocks. Most engine builders machine the backside of the cam gear or the block area surrounding the cam nose to accept a bushing or a Torrington bearing. This prevents galling between the cam gear and the block. Many roller chain sets have steel gears to eliminate the problem altogether.

Another issue with a roller chain setup is the “chordal action,” a whipping motion that happens when the chain turns on the gear teeth. That whipping motion can literally turn the chain into an “S” shape. Chordal action can weaken the chain and also negatively affect valve timing, ignition timing, and mechanical oil and fuel pumps. That’s why it’s important to check the timing chain on regularly. If it’s tired, replace it.

That’s the short course on timing chains. If you’re planning to build a new engine, rebuild an old one, or simply replace a worn-out timing set, you now have a better idea of what chain will provide the performance you require.

 

 

Keywords
Camshafts, roller chains, timing chains
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Author: Wayne Scraba

Wayne Scraba is a diehard car guy and regular contributor to OnAllCylinders. He’s owned his own speed shop, built race cars, street rods, and custom motorcycles, and restored muscle cars. He’s authored five how-to books and written over 4,500 tech articles that have appeared in sixty different high performance automotive, motorcycle and aviation magazines worldwide.